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Abaixo, um curso completo sobre políticas fiscais pelo SSRN.
Paulo Roberto de Almeida

In cooperation with Bank of Italy, the Economics Research Network (ERN) is pleased to announce a collection of eighteen conferences available in the SSRN eLibrary.

1998 Indicators of Structural Budget Balances Conference

Description: The first Banca d'Italia workshop on public finances aimed at providing a comprehensive overview of the debate concerning the development and the use of structural indicators for the budget balances. The new EMU framework enhances the importance of structural budget balances, which assess the budgetary position net of the cyclical component and provide an indication of the available room for manoeuvre. Structural balance estimates are essential for the effectiveness of the multilateral surveillance mechanism introduced by the Maastricht Treaty and completed by the Stability and Growth Pact. Past experience indicates that policy-makers often let the structural deficit increase in periods of relatively high economic growth. In other words, part of the improvement of budgetary balances stemming from the cycle was used to carry out expansionary discretionary policies. Thus the success of monetary union appears to require substantial changes in the policies implemented in good times. This requires, inter alia, also instruments allowing an accurate monitoring of budgetary situations.

View Papers: http://www.ssrn.com/link/1998-Indicators-Structural-Budget-Bal.html

2000 Fiscal Sustainability Conference

Description: The issue of fiscal sustainability takes on a special relevance in the European Union. It is actually at the core of the budgetary framework underlying European Monetary Union. The Treaty of Maastricht and the Stability and Growth Pact have set fiscal rules and monitoring procedures aimed at restraining deficit and debt levels while allowing room for fiscal stabilisation. The assessment of prospective compliance with EMU fiscal rules is crucial to timely corrective intervention. The second Banca d'Italia workshop on public finances examined all these issues and was divided in four sections. The first section sets the ground for the discussion by addressing conceptual and definitional issues. The second and the third sections include papers presenting applications of different techniques for the assessment of fiscal sustainability. The former covers expenditure and revenue projections and the latter deals exclusively with generational accounting. The fourth and concluding section focuses on policy issues.

View Papers: http://www.ssrn.com/link/2000-Fiscal-Sustainability.html

2001 Fiscal Rules Conference

Description: Fiscal rules are one of the building blocks of European Monetary Union (EMU). The Treaty of Maastricht and the Stability and Growth Pact set rules and monitoring procedures geared at restraining deficit and debt levels while allowing room for fiscal stabilisation. This fact alone provides sufficient reason for a workshop on fiscal rules. However, further motivation is to be found in the recent debates taking place in several countries about the introduction of rules at the national or decentralised level and in the extensive literature about the rationale of rules. The third Banca d'Italia workshop on public finance aimed at providing an overview of the theoretical and empirical problems involved in the design and in the implementation of fiscal rules. It examines the role of rules at different levels of government and offers indications about the experiences of some countries. The analysis is particularly relevant as the policy debate is gradually moving from how to achieve fiscal consolidation to defining suitable medium and long-term objectives and also to designing institutions and rules that ensure the durability of sound fiscal positions. The papers presented at the workshop were allocated in four sessions. The first session examines the pros and cons of fiscal rules from a general point of view. In the second session, the focus narrows to the rules introduced in the European Union. In the third session, the analysis is broadened to encompass not only numerical rules but also budgetary procedures and institutions. In the fourth, the solutions experimented in different countries are analysed with reference to the specific institutional setting of fiscal federalism.

View Papers: http://www.ssrn.com/link/2001-Fiscal-Rules.html

2002 The Impact of Fiscal Policy Conference

Description: The fourth Banca d'Italia workshop on public finances aimed at providing an overview of the theoretical and empirical problems that can be encountered in the analysis of the impact of fiscal policy. The papers contribute to the discussion by addressing the following questions: What do we know about the effects of fiscal policy in the short term? What indicators can we use? What is the impact of stabilisers? What do we know about the long-term effects of fiscal policy on economic growth? What are the policy issues under discussion in the main countries and economic areas? The papers presented at the workshop were allocated in four sessions. The first session considered the methodological issues related to the measurement of the impact of fiscal policy. The second session examined the effectiveness of fiscal policy in stabilising the economy and the roles of automatic stabilisers and discretionary policy. The third session considered the impact of fiscal policy on structural features of the economy and its effects on long-term growth. The fourth session was devoted to the analysis of the main policy issues faced by OECD countries, such as the seeming ineffectiveness of fiscal policy in some countries, the management of surpluses and the role of national policies in a currency union.

View Papers: http://www.ssrn.com/link/2002-The-Impact-of-Fiscal-Policy.html

2003 Local Economies & Internationalization in Italy Conference

Description: The papers presented here mark the completion of a research project launched two years earlier and sponsored by Banca d'Italia and the Statistics Department of the University of Bologna. The project shed some light on the very particular structure of the Italian economy. In its distribution of firms by size, its sectoral specialisation and its technological level, the structure of the Italian economy contrasts sharply with that of the economies with which it is ordinarily compared. On this score very little has changed over the years; indeed, from a relative point of view Italian industry's distinctive sectoral and size characteristics have grown even more pronounced. Investigators of local systems of small enterprises have shown that these are not necessarily technologically backward, but it remains true that the sectoral specialisation of the Italian economy, and more specifically of Italian industry, is such that the more advanced sectors are significantly under-represented. The question, then, is whether this structure causes sub-optimal resource allocation or imposes constraints on growth. Sub-optimality and constraints could be due to two main causes: the prevalence of small firms could limit the exploitation of static and dynamic technical economies of scale, while the low incidence of sectors with higher growth potential, together with the high incidence of 'traditional' sectors that are labour-intensive (and thus potentially exposed to competition from the emerging countries) could limit the growth potential of the system as a whole owing to a composition effect.

View Papers: http://www.ssrn.com/link/2003-Local-Economies-Intl-in-Italy.html

2003 Tax Policy Conference

Description: The fifth Banca d'Italia workshop on public finances aimed at providing an updated overview of both the analytical developments and the policy debate concerning tax policy. It covered both microeconomics issues, such as the effects of taxation on labour and capital markets, and macroeconomic issues, such as the role of taxation in stabilisation policy. It explored the implications of economic integration on tax bases and the issue of tax harmonisation. It considered the effects of taxation on income distribution. It focused on the policy issues currently discussed in European countries and other regions, thereby highlighting similarities and differences in tax policy challenges across countries of different levels of development. They illustrate the multiple objectives pursued by recent tax reforms: limiting distortions of economic decisions, enhancing equity, ensuring fiscal stabilisation, raising competitiveness and contributing to the long term sustainability of public finances. The different methodological approaches of the papers emphasise the wide variety of research in the field. Some papers draw from theoretical models and others from empirical investigations, others directly from the policy debate. The workshop allowed experts from central banks, ministries and economic institutions of several countries, international economic organisations and the academic world to discuss the design and economic effects of tax policy.

View Papers: http://www.ssrn.com/link/2003-Tax-Policy.html

2004 Public Debt Conference

Description: The sixth Banca d'Italia workshop on public finances aimed at providing an overview of the theoretical and empirical work concerning public debt. It included analytical papers examining the definition, the measurement, the role and the effects of public debt. It also included papers tackling policy issues from different angles and different national perspectives. The workshop allowed experts from central banks, ministries and economic institutions of several countries, the main international economic organisations and the academic world to discuss the economic effects of public debt and policy options. The papers illustrate the complexity of the definition of public liabilities. They examine the effects of public debt on saving, financial markets and intergenerational redistribution. They consider the role of public debt in the design and implementation of fiscal policy rules at the national and European levels. They evaluate the role of public debt in a context of demographic ageing. They examine the evolution of debt management. The various methodological approaches of the papers highlight the wide variety of research in the field of public debt analysis. Some papers draw from theoretical models, others from empirical investigations and others from the policy debate.

View Papers: http://www.ssrn.com/link/2004-Public-Debt.html

2005 Financial Accounts: History, Methods, the Case of Italy & International Comparisons Conference

Description: The financial accounts record financial assets and liabilities in terms of stocks and flows and are used to study subjects such as the composition of households' savings and wealth, the quantity of funds raised by enterprises and general government, the financial position of a country vis-a-vis the rest of the world, and the evolution of financial systems. The Bank of Italy has published Italy's financial accounts since the beginning of the sixties and contributes to the ECB presentation of the euro-area's financial accounts. This workshop provides an overview of different aspects of the financial accounts. It is organized into four Sections. The first Section covers historical issues concerning the origins of the financial accounts. The second Section analyzes methodological subjects, such as the reconstruction of annual financial accounts since 1950, the estimates of quarterly accounts, the inclusion of future pension liabilities in financial accounts, and the comparison with the Bank of Italy survey of household income and wealth. The third Section focuses on the evolution of the Italian financial system, on the impact of taxation on financial assets and liabilities and on the monetary policy effects on the flow of funds. The fourth Section provides some international comparisons of financial systems and studies the convergence of financial structures in Europe.

View Papers: http://www.ssrn.com/link/2005-Financial-Accts-Case-of-Italy-Intl.html

2005 Public Expenditure Conference

Description: The seventh Banca d'Italia workshop on public finances aimed at providing a comprehensive overview of the theoretical and empirical work concerning the role and effects of public expenditure and the policy debate about public expenditure management and reforms. The workshop included papers examining public expenditure trends, the efficiency and effects of public spending, the role of public spending in fiscal policy management and public expenditure reforms. The papers highlight the wide variety of research in the field of public expenditure analysis and the complexity of the policy issues. Some papers draw from theoretical models, others from empirical investigations, others directly from the policy debate. The workshop allowed experts from the central banks, the ministries and economic institutions of several countries, the main international economic organisations and the academic world to discuss the economic effects of public expenditure and policy options.

View Papers: http://www.ssrn.com/link/2005-Public-Expenditure.html

2006 Fiscal Indicators Conference

Description: The eighth Banca d'Italia workshop on public finances aimed at providing a comprehensive overview of the recent theoretical and empirical work on fiscal indicators and their use in the policy debate. The papers covered four topics: indicators of the effects of macroeconomic developments and discretionary policy decisions on public budgets; indicators of the impact of fiscal policy on output, growth and stabilisation; indicators of fiscal sustainability and the role of fiscal indicators in the policy debate. The papers highlight the progress made in the development of fiscal indicators and point to the problems still to be tackled. They also emphasize the complexity of the technical and policy issues involved in the use of fiscal indicators. The workshop allowed experts from the central banks, ministries and economic institutions of several countries, the leading international economic organisations and the academic world to discuss the main theoretical and empirical issues concerning fiscal indicators.

View Papers: http://www.ssrn.com/link/2006-Fiscal-Indicators.html

2007 Fiscal Policy: Current Issues & Challenges Conference

Description: The ninth Banca d'Italia workshop on public finances examined four issues that are at the core of the current fiscal policy debate: fiscal stabilisation, fiscal consolidation, budgetary institutions, and the control of public expenditure. Session 1 focused on the relationship between cyclical conditions and fiscal policy and the role of fiscal stabilisers and discretionary policy. Session 2 explored the factors affecting the success of fiscal consolidation efforts and the economic impact of fiscal adjustment. Session 3 examined the role of fiscal institutions and procedures in shaping fiscal policy and achieving and maintaining sound budgetary positions. Session 4 focused on the design of expenditure rules and the role of structural reforms. The papers provide a broad overview of the ongoing work in central banks, ministries, the main international economic organisations and the academic world. They highlight the wide variety of research in the field of fiscal policy and the complexity of the underlying policy issues. Some papers draw from theoretical models, others from empirical investigations, others directly from the policy debate.

View Papers: http://www.ssrn.com/link/2007-Fiscal-Policy-Current-Issues.html

2007 Household Wealth in Italy Conference

Description: Wealth is an essential indicator of households' material well-being: assessing its amount, trend and distribution is useful to understand our society and the way it evolves. Availability of data on wealth allows the central bank to understand better the interaction between households' behaviour, financial markets and the main macroeconomic variables, and supports the analysis needed to perform the institutional functions of a central bank. In Italy, systematic macroeconomic estimates on overall household wealth are currently not available. A research project focusing on this specific topic has been set up by the Bank of Italy, which has dealt with the analysis of households' economic behaviour for a long time and publishes data on financial assets and liabilities. The aim of the conference was to collect the experts' opinions on the methods used to obtain the wealth estimates in question. Moreover, the scientific works discussed at the conference have addressed the various aspects of wealth: amount, evolution, composition, distribution, origins. The discussion arising from this conference was helpful for the forthcoming production of the new estimates provided on a regular basis by the Bank of Italy.

View Papers: http://www.ssrn.com/link/2007-Household-Wealth-Italy.html

2008 Fiscal Sustainability: Analytical Developments & Emerging Policy Issues Conference

Description: The tenth Banca d'Italia Workshop on public finances was devoted to the issue of Fiscal Sustainability. It aimed at highlighting recent analytical developments and emerging policy issues. Session 1 examined the new methodologies for assessing fiscal sustainability, either via long-term projections or summary indicators. Session 2 considered the fiscal policy implications of sustainability assessment. Section 3 examined health care and long-term care. Section 4 dealt with environmental issues and sustainability reporting in the policy debate.

View Papers: http://www.ssrn.com/link/2008-Fiscal-Sustainability-Analytical.html

2008 Policies for Local Development Conference

Description: There is a particularly rich tradition of local development policies in Italy. Measures to overcome geographical disparities received a boost in the mid-1990s when a new approach, the "Nuova Programmazione," was launched. Today, debate on how to evaluate recent policies continues together with proposals for intervention, changed in part by the experience of other countries. This workshop, organized by the Bank of Italy's Structural Studies Department, will provide the scientific community, policymakers and the public with analysis and empirical findings to contribute to an informed discussion on the effectiveness of policies for social cohesion.

View Papers: http://www.ssrn.com/link/2008-Policies-Local-Development.html

2009 Financial Market Regulation in the Wake of Financial Crises: The Historical Experience Conference

Description: According to most observers, de-regulated or poorly regulated financial markets (particularly as far as innovative instruments are concerned) either produced or exacerbated the current financial crisis. Thorough reconsideration of financial regulation is currently underway and likely to result in deep re-regulation of financial markets. Several previous financial crises followed the same pattern: in particular, new - often encompassing - legislation about financial market regulation was introduced as the result of financial crises. A review of past experiences might therefore be useful to economists, regulators and policy makers as they set out to design a new regulatory environment in the wake of the current financial crisis. To that end, the Bank of Italy convened this conference on the historical experience of post-crisis financial regulation.

View Papers: http://www.ssrn.com/link/2009-Financial-Mkt-Reg-Wake-Fin-Crises.html

2009 Pension Reform, Fiscal Policy & Economic Performance Conference

Description: The 11th Workshop on Public Finance - organised by Banca d'Italia in Perugia on 26-28 March 2009 - examined the issue of pension reform with the purpose of highlighting the recent analytical developments and the most relevant policy issues. Session 1 examined the impact of pension reforms on the labour market and their effects on investments in human capital and productivity growth. Session 2 was devoted to the impact of pension reforms on capital markets, and specifically on the effects of funded schemes. Section 3 considered the impact of reforms on income distribution, within and across generations, and macroeconomic developments. Section 4 dealt with the political economy of pension reforms and their role in the broader fiscal policy context.

View Papers: http://www.ssrn.com/link/2009-Pension-Reform-Fiscal-Policy.html

2010 Banks, Local Credit Markets & Credit Supply Conference

Description: On 24 March 2010, the Bank of Italy - together with the Paolo Baffi Centre of Universita Bocconi - organized a conference on "Banks, local credit markets and credit supply". The papers presented in the two sessions of the conference will analyse the organization of banks and their lending to small and medium enterprises.

View Papers: http://www.ssrn.com/link/2010-Banks-Local-Credit-Mkts-Credit-Sup.html

2010 Fiscal Policy: Lessons from the Crisis Conference

Description: The 12th Workshop on Public Finance - organised by Banca d'Italia in Perugia on 25-27 March 2010 - focused on the implications for fiscal policy analysis of the 2008-09 recession, the most severe at global level since the Great Depression. Session 1 examined the lessons of the crisis for the role of automatic stabilisers and discretionary fiscal policy. Session 2 investigated the effects of policy actions on the economy. Section 3 considered the impact of the crisis on fiscal policy rules and procedures. Section 4 dealt with the economic legacy of the crisis and the policy actions required in the years to come.

View Papers: http://www.ssrn.com/link/2010-Fiscal-Policy-Lessons-from-Crisis.html

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