Diplomacia e Relações Internacionais

Os clerigos islamicos vao interpretar e reformar os textos sagrados? Discurso do presidente do Egito

Registro aqui o que já disse quando disseminei esta postagem no Facebook:

O presidente-ditador do Egito pode estar mais preocupado com os dólares do turismo, ou as centenas de milhões que recebe dos imperialistas a título de assistência militar, mas ele começou a abrir uma porta. Hipocritamente, como político, fala em pensamento, e não em religião, e fala em escritos, e não no Corão, mas o fato é que enquanto o Islã não rebaixar os "textos sagrados" à mesma categoria que possui a Bíblia na tradição cristã, ou a Torah, na doutrina judaica, ou seja, objetos de estudo e de discussão, ele não escapará de ter uma determinada categoria de fundamentalistas. Terroristas atuam essencialmente motivados por razões políticas e suas causas são basicamente terrenas, mas a legitimação religiosa desempenha um papel importante no cipclo de violência e de intolerância a que assistimos recentemente. Vamos ver como vão reagir os clérigos de Al Azhar, mas eles estarão certamente na vanguarda do debate. Nada a esperar, por enquanto, dos wahabitas da Arábia Saudita, ou dos ayatollahs do Irã, mas tudo virá, a seu tempo. Os cristãos ainda se massacravam reciprocamente quatro séculos atrás, e os hinduistas continuam massacrando muçulmanos na Índia. Religiões podem ser grandes máquinas de extermínio, ou de amor..

Paulo Roberto de Almeida

President Sisi's Speech

by Mark Movsesian

Blog First Things, January 5, 2015

The Internet is buzzing with news of a speech last week by President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi of Egypt on the need for a “religious revolution” in Islam. Speaking at Cairo’s Al Azhar University, the most important center of Islamic learning in the Sunni world, Sisi admonished the assembled scholars to revisit Islamic law, or fiqh, in order to calm the fears of the non-Muslim world. According to a translation at Raymond Ibrahim’s site, Sisi said:

I am referring here to the religious clerics. We have to think hard about what we are facing—and I have, in fact, addressed this topic a couple of times before. It’s inconceivable that the thinking that we hold most sacred should cause the entire umma [Islamic world] to be a source of anxiety, danger, killing and destruction for the rest of the world. Impossible!

That thinking—I am not saying “religion” but “thinking”—that corpus of texts and ideas that we have sacralized over the years, to the point that departing from them has become almost impossible, is antagonizing the entire world. It’s antagonizing the entire world!

Is it possible that 1.6 billion people [Muslims] should want to kill the rest of the world’s inhabitants—that is 7 billion—so that they themselves may live? Impossible!

I am saying these words here at Al Azhar, before this assembly of scholars and ulema—Allah Almighty be witness to your truth on Judgment Day concerning that which I’m talking about now.

All this that I am telling you, you cannot feel it if you remain trapped within this mindset. You need to step outside of yourselves to be able to observe it and reflect on it from a more enlightened perspective.

I say and repeat again that we are in need of a religious revolution. You, imams, are responsible before Allah. The entire world, I say it again, the entire world is waiting for your next move . . . because this umma is being torn, it is being destroyed, it is being lost—and it is being lost by our own hands.

Some are praising Sisi for his bravery. That’s certainly one way to look at it. When Sisi calls for rethinking “the corpus of texts and ideas that we have sacralized over the years,” he may be advocating something quite dramatic, indeed. For centuries, most Islamic law scholars—though not all—have held that “the gate of ijtihad,” or independent legal reasoning, has closed, that fiqh has reached perfection and cannot be developed further. If Sisi is calling for the gate to open, and if fiqh scholars at a place like Al Azhar heed the call, that would be a truly radical step, one that would send shock waves throughout the Islamic world.

We’ll have to wait and see. Early reports are sometimes misleading; there are subtexts, religious and political, that outsiders can miss. Which texts and ideas does Sisi mean, exactly? Fiqh rules about Christians and other non-Muslims, which often insist on subordination? Some argue that, notwithstanding the speech at Al Azhar, Sisi has done relatively little to improve the situation of Coptic Christians. And calling for the opening of the gate is not necessarily progressive. Although progressive Muslim scholars endorse the opening of the gate in order to adapt fiqh to modernity, Salafist groups wish to open the gate in order to discard centuries of what they see as un-Islamic traditions. Opening the gate may be a signal for fundamentalism, for a return to the pure Islam of the Prophet and his companions. I don’t imply Sisi is a fundamentalist, of course. I’m just saying one needs to be alert to the nuances.

Still, Sisi’s remarks do suggest he means a rethinking of Islamic law to adapt to contemporary pluralism. This is definitely worth watching.

Mark Movsesian is the Frederick A. Whitney Professor of Contract Law and the Director of the Center for Law and Religion at St. John’s University School of Law. His previous blog posts can be found here.

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