Diplomacia e Relações Internacionais
Da seção de história do New York Times. In fine, o que eu já publiquei neste blog sobre o muro de Berlim, inclusive um artigo meu sobre sua queda.
On Aug. 13, 1961, Berlin was divided as East Germany sealed off the border between the city's eastern and western sectors in order to halt the flight of refugees.
Commuting Ended
Warsaw Pact States Say Allies' Routes Remain Open
Berlin, Sunday, Aug. 13- East Germany closed the border early today between East and West Berlin.
East German troops stood guard at the Brandenburg Gate, main crossing point between the Eastern and Western sectors.
The East Berlin City Government banned its citizens from holding jobs in the Western part of the divided city. This will affect tomorrow the thousands of East Berliners who daily commute to work in the Western sector.
The Communists' orders do not affect the Western Allies' access routes to Berlin along the 110-mile passage from West Germany. Especially they do not affect Allied military trains, which are under Soviet jurisdiction.
Action Comes in Night
The quietness of East Berlin's deserted streets was shattered in the early hours of the morning by the screaming of police sirens as police cars, motorcycles and truckloads of police sped through the city.
The action came shortly after publication of a declaration by the Communist Warsaw Pact states that effective controls must be put into force on the borders of West Berlin because of a "perfidious agitation campaign" by the West.
The declaration made it clear these measures were directed at stopping the flow of refugees from East to West through West Berlin. The flow of refugees has recently been reaching 1,700 daily. From 4 P.M. Friday, to 6 P.M. yesterday, 2,662 new arrivals registered in West Berlin's reception camp.
Subways Are Closed
The East Berlin order barring commuters from reaching their jobs in West Berlin said that no East German could cross into the western sector of the city unless he had "a special certificate."
The orders would stand "as long as West Berlin is not changed into a neutral demilitarized free city," the East Germans said.
Elevated trains and subways between the two halves of the divided city were closed; a railroad policeman said he did not know how long the shutdown was for.
The Warsaw Pact declaration was published by the East German press agency A.D.N., but the East German radio, which was broadcasting a late-night jazz program, did not immediately mention it.
The declaration admitted that the proposed measure would "create certain discomforts for the population," but said the blame for this rested squarely on the West.
"Naturally these measures will not affect the valid conditions for traffic and control on the connection routes between West Berlin and West Germany," it added.
The necessity for these "protective measures" would cease to exist as soon as a peace treaty with Germany was signed and "question of strike resolved on this basis," the statement added.
The Warsaw Pact states are the Soviet Union, East Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Rumania, Bulgaria, Hungary and Albania. A week ago, ending a meeting in Moscow they issued a call for a German peace treaty soon. Shortly after 3 A.M., a Reuters reporter who tried to drive through the Brandenburg Gate from East Berlin was told by a policeman: "You are not allowed to go through- we received instructions to this effect about an hour ago."
The closing of the border came after East Berliners had waited nervously yesterday for the Iron Curtain to ring down on refugees escape routes to the West.
Warsaw Pact Statement
The Warsaw Pact powers declaration accused the Western Powers and West Germany of "missing the present traffic position on the West Berlin border to disrupt the economy of the (East) German Democratic Republic."
"In view of the aggressive efforts of the reactionary force of the (West German) Federal Republic and its NATO allies, the declaration said, "the Warsaw Pact states cannot avoid taking the necessary measures themselves to guarantee their safety and above all the safety of the German Democratic Republic.
"The Governments of the Warsaw Pact states the appeal to the People's Chamber (Legislature) and Government of the German Democratic Republic to all workers of the G.D.R. with the proposal to introduce such an order on the West Berlin border that the way is stopped for the agitation campaign against the G.D.R. and a trustworthy guard and effective control be guaranteed around the whole territory of Western Berlin, including its borders with the G.D.R.
"Naturally these measures will not affect the valid conditions for traffic and control on the connection routes between West Berlin and West Germany.
"The Government of the Warsaw Pact states naturally understand that the taking of protective measures on the borders of West Berlin will create certain discomforts for the population. But in view of the existing position the blame for this must be taken exclusively by the Western powers and above all by the Government of the (West German) Federal Republic."
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- Muro De Berlim: 13 De Agosto De 1961
Nota liminar: mais um post arrancado da hora da saudade. Este estava comemorando os 50 anos da construção do muro de Berlim, em agosto de 2011. Vai pelo significado histórico, inclusive porque estive recentemente na Alemanha, visitei Berlim e ainda...
- Reagan Em Berlim: "derrube Este Muro, Mr Gorbachev"
Um dia realmente histórico este 12 de Junho de 1987. Dois anos depois, não Gorbachev, mas o povo de Berlim oriental começou a derrubada do muro. Mas é verdade que nada teria ocorrido se a URSS tivesse continuado no mesmo caminho da repressão. O que...
- Muro De Berlim: 13 De Agosto De 1961
Cinquenta anos atrás, o mundo comunista piscou em face do capitalismo... Elaborei um artigo sobre a questão: Um outro mundo possível: alternativas históricas da Alemanha, antes e depois do muro de Berlim, neste link. Paulo Roberto de Almeida MURO...
Diplomacia e Relações Internacionais
Muro de Berlim: neste dia, em 1961 - New York Times
Da seção de história do New York Times. In fine, o que eu já publiquei neste blog sobre o muro de Berlim, inclusive um artigo meu sobre sua queda.
On This Day: August 13
- See larger version »
East German Troops Seal Border With West Berlin to Block Refugee Escape
Commuting Ended
Warsaw Pact States Say Allies' Routes Remain Open
By REUTERS
| RELATED HEADLINES Fullbright Voices Concern Over Red Move in Berlin U.S. Arms Build-Up for Berlin Crisis Held Inadequate: Some in the Pentagon Fear NATO Will Not Be Able to Fight Non-Nuclear War An East Villager's Story of Flight Typified Exodus: Curbs Under Reds' Regime and Work in West Motivated Families Crossing the Border by the Thousands OTHER HEADLINES Governor to Call Session of Legislature to Remove City Board of Education: Allen Sees 'Crisis': Wants Interim Body Named by Regents, Who Back Plan Eisenhower Plans a Visit to Help Lefkowitz Drive Wagner Charges Grandstand Play: Plans to Proceed With Own School Inquiry- Levitt Endorses Session Capital Worried by Lags in Plans on Race to Moon: Construction of Capsule not Yet Started- Decision on Booster Rocket Awaited South Vietnamese Reported in Laos: Commandos Said to Combat Infiltrators From North Along Jungle Trails Senate Vote on Aid Spurs Latin Parley Cuba to Free Plane, U.S. a Patrol Boat Population Soars Past 31 Million in East Coast City-Suburb Belt |
East German troops stood guard at the Brandenburg Gate, main crossing point between the Eastern and Western sectors.
The East Berlin City Government banned its citizens from holding jobs in the Western part of the divided city. This will affect tomorrow the thousands of East Berliners who daily commute to work in the Western sector.
The Communists' orders do not affect the Western Allies' access routes to Berlin along the 110-mile passage from West Germany. Especially they do not affect Allied military trains, which are under Soviet jurisdiction.
Action Comes in Night
The quietness of East Berlin's deserted streets was shattered in the early hours of the morning by the screaming of police sirens as police cars, motorcycles and truckloads of police sped through the city.
The action came shortly after publication of a declaration by the Communist Warsaw Pact states that effective controls must be put into force on the borders of West Berlin because of a "perfidious agitation campaign" by the West.
The declaration made it clear these measures were directed at stopping the flow of refugees from East to West through West Berlin. The flow of refugees has recently been reaching 1,700 daily. From 4 P.M. Friday, to 6 P.M. yesterday, 2,662 new arrivals registered in West Berlin's reception camp.
Subways Are Closed
The East Berlin order barring commuters from reaching their jobs in West Berlin said that no East German could cross into the western sector of the city unless he had "a special certificate."
The orders would stand "as long as West Berlin is not changed into a neutral demilitarized free city," the East Germans said.
Elevated trains and subways between the two halves of the divided city were closed; a railroad policeman said he did not know how long the shutdown was for.
The Warsaw Pact declaration was published by the East German press agency A.D.N., but the East German radio, which was broadcasting a late-night jazz program, did not immediately mention it.
The declaration admitted that the proposed measure would "create certain discomforts for the population," but said the blame for this rested squarely on the West.
"Naturally these measures will not affect the valid conditions for traffic and control on the connection routes between West Berlin and West Germany," it added.
The necessity for these "protective measures" would cease to exist as soon as a peace treaty with Germany was signed and "question of strike resolved on this basis," the statement added.
The Warsaw Pact states are the Soviet Union, East Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Rumania, Bulgaria, Hungary and Albania. A week ago, ending a meeting in Moscow they issued a call for a German peace treaty soon. Shortly after 3 A.M., a Reuters reporter who tried to drive through the Brandenburg Gate from East Berlin was told by a policeman: "You are not allowed to go through- we received instructions to this effect about an hour ago."
The closing of the border came after East Berliners had waited nervously yesterday for the Iron Curtain to ring down on refugees escape routes to the West.
Warsaw Pact Statement
The Warsaw Pact powers declaration accused the Western Powers and West Germany of "missing the present traffic position on the West Berlin border to disrupt the economy of the (East) German Democratic Republic."
"In view of the aggressive efforts of the reactionary force of the (West German) Federal Republic and its NATO allies, the declaration said, "the Warsaw Pact states cannot avoid taking the necessary measures themselves to guarantee their safety and above all the safety of the German Democratic Republic.
"The Governments of the Warsaw Pact states the appeal to the People's Chamber (Legislature) and Government of the German Democratic Republic to all workers of the G.D.R. with the proposal to introduce such an order on the West Berlin border that the way is stopped for the agitation campaign against the G.D.R. and a trustworthy guard and effective control be guaranteed around the whole territory of Western Berlin, including its borders with the G.D.R.
"Naturally these measures will not affect the valid conditions for traffic and control on the connection routes between West Berlin and West Germany.
"The Government of the Warsaw Pact states naturally understand that the taking of protective measures on the borders of West Berlin will create certain discomforts for the population. But in view of the existing position the blame for this must be taken exclusively by the Western powers and above all by the Government of the (West German) Federal Republic."
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| O que eu já publiquei a respeito, neste blog: |
Diplomatizzando: Muro de Berlim: 13 de agosto de 1961
30 Jun 2012
Este estava comemorando os 50 anos da construção do muro de Berlim, em agosto de 2011. Vai pelo significado histórico, inclusive porque estive recentemente na Alemanha, visitei Berlim e ainda vi pedaços do muro aqui e ...
http://diplomatizzando.blogspot.com/
Diplomatizzando: A queda do muro de Berlim: livro da Unisul
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A queda do muro de Berlim: livro da Unisul. Um livro do qual participei, tanto na fase de colóquio, quanto de sua feitura editorial. Recomendo, especialmente. Paulo Roberto de Almeida. Vinte anos após a queda do muro de ...
http://diplomatizzando.blogspot.com/
Diplomatizzando: Reagan em Berlim: "Derrube este muro, Mr ...
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Reagan em Berlim: "Derrube este muro, Mr Gorbachev". Um dia realmente histórico este 12 de Junho de 1987. Dois anos depois, não Gorbachev, mas o povo de Berlim oriental começou a derrubada do muro. Mas é verdade ...
http://diplomatizzando.blogspot.com/
Diplomatizzando: 1509) Muro de Berlim: 20 anos de sua derrubada ...
27 Nov 2009
Bem, não tivemos um John Reed na derrubada do muro de Berlim, para relatar, em tom épico, aqueles dias, ou horas, que abalaram o mundo e derrubaram o comunismo (sim, começou ali a derrocada do socialismo real). Mas temos o filho ...
http://diplomatizzando.blogspot.com/
Elaborei um artigo sobre a questão:
Um outro mundo possível: alternativas históricas da Alemanha, antes e depois do muro de Berlim, neste link.
Paulo Roberto de Almeida
Um outro mundo possível: alternativas históricas da Alemanha, antes e depois do muro de Berlim, neste link.
Paulo Roberto de Almeida
(tem mais: basta colocar Muro de Berlim no instrumento de busca do blog)
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- On This Day In History: Roosevelt, Churchill E Stalin Se Encontram Em Teheran (nyt)
ON THIS DAY (The New York Yimes) On Nov. 28, 1943, President Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Soviet leader Josef Stalin met in Tehran during World War II. ROOSEVELT, STALIN, CHURCHILL AGREE ON PLANS FOR WAR ON GERMANY IN TALKS...
- Muro De Berlim: A 25 Anos De Sua Queda, Milhoes Ainda Vivem Sob Tiranias Comunistas - Marion Smith (wsj)
Não se trata apenas dessas tiranias abjetas, desses despotismos ordinários, dessas ditaduras miseráveis, pois existem, também, muitos comunistas em diversos outros lugares do mundo, aliás no próprio Brasil, gente delirante, que pretende controlar,...
- Muro De Berlim: 13 De Agosto De 1961
Nota liminar: mais um post arrancado da hora da saudade. Este estava comemorando os 50 anos da construção do muro de Berlim, em agosto de 2011. Vai pelo significado histórico, inclusive porque estive recentemente na Alemanha, visitei Berlim e ainda...
- Reagan Em Berlim: "derrube Este Muro, Mr Gorbachev"
Um dia realmente histórico este 12 de Junho de 1987. Dois anos depois, não Gorbachev, mas o povo de Berlim oriental começou a derrubada do muro. Mas é verdade que nada teria ocorrido se a URSS tivesse continuado no mesmo caminho da repressão. O que...
- Muro De Berlim: 13 De Agosto De 1961
Cinquenta anos atrás, o mundo comunista piscou em face do capitalismo... Elaborei um artigo sobre a questão: Um outro mundo possível: alternativas históricas da Alemanha, antes e depois do muro de Berlim, neste link. Paulo Roberto de Almeida MURO...